1# BDI Ontology Core Patterns
2 
3Core ontology design patterns for Belief-Desire-Intention mental state modeling.
4 
5## Class Hierarchy
6 
7### Mental Entities (Endurants)
8 
9```
10bdi:MentalEntity
11├── bdi:Belief          # Informational dimension
12├── bdi:Desire          # Motivational dimension  
13├── bdi:Intention       # Deliberative dimension
14├── bdi:Goal            # Description of desired end state
15└── bdi:Plan            # Structured action sequence
16```
17 
18### Mental Processes (Perdurants)
19 
20```
21bdi:MentalProcess
22├── bdi:BeliefProcess      # Forms/updates beliefs from perception
23├── bdi:DesireProcess      # Generates desires from beliefs
24├── bdi:IntentionProcess   # Commits to desires as intentions
25├── bdi:Planning           # Transforms intentions into plans
26└── bdi:PlanExecution      # Executes plan actions
27```
28 
29### Supporting Entities
30 
31```
32bdi:WorldState        # Configuration of environment
33bdi:Justification     # Evidential basis for mental states
34bdi:Task              # Atomic unit of planned action
35bdi:Action            # Execution of a task
36bdi:TimeInterval      # Temporal validity bounds
37bdi:TimeInstant       # Point in time reference
38```
39 
40## Object Properties
41 
42### Motivational Relations
43 
44| Property | Domain | Range | Description |
45|----------|--------|-------|-------------|
46| `motivates` | Belief | Desire | Belief provides reason for desire |
47| `isMotivatedBy` | Desire | Belief | Inverse of motivates |
48| `fulfils` | Intention | Desire | Intention commits to achieving desire |
49| `isFulfilledBy` | Desire | Intention | Inverse of fulfils |
50| `isSupportedBy` | Intention | Belief | Beliefs supporting intention viability |
51 
52### Generative Relations
53 
54| Property | Domain | Range | Description |
55|----------|--------|-------|-------------|
56| `generates` | MentalProcess | MentalEntity | Process creates mental state |
57| `isGeneratedBy` | MentalEntity | MentalProcess | Inverse of generates |
58| `modifies` | MentalProcess | MentalEntity | Process updates existing state |
59| `suppresses` | MentalProcess | MentalEntity | Process deactivates state |
60| `isTriggeredBy` | MentalProcess | MentalEntity | State initiates process |
61 
62### Referential Relations
63 
64| Property | Domain | Range | Description |
65|----------|--------|-------|-------------|
66| `refersTo` | MentalEntity | WorldState | Mental state about world |
67| `perceives` | Agent | WorldState | Agent observes world |
68| `bringsAbout` | Action | WorldState | Action causes world change |
69| `reasonsUpon` | MentalProcess | MentalEntity | Input to reasoning |
70 
71### Structural Relations
72 
73| Property | Domain | Range | Description |
74|----------|--------|-------|-------------|
75| `hasPart` | MentalEntity | MentalEntity | Meronymic composition |
76| `specifies` | Intention | Plan | Intention defines plan |
77| `addresses` | Plan | Goal | Plan achieves goal |
78| `hasComponent` | Plan | Task | Plan contains tasks |
79| `precedes` | Task | Task | Task ordering |
80 
81### Temporal Relations
82 
83| Property | Domain | Range | Description |
84|----------|--------|-------|-------------|
85| `atTime` | Entity | TimeInstant | Point occurrence |
86| `hasValidity` | MentalEntity | TimeInterval | Persistence bounds |
87| `hasStartTime` | TimeInterval | TimeInstant | Interval start |
88| `hasEndTime` | TimeInterval | TimeInstant | Interval end |
89 
90### Justification Relations
91 
92| Property | Domain | Range | Description |
93|----------|--------|-------|-------------|
94| `isJustifiedBy` | MentalEntity | Justification | Evidential support |
95| `justifies` | Justification | MentalEntity | Inverse relation |
96 
97## Ontological Restrictions
98 
99### Belief Restrictions
100 
101```turtle
102bdi:Belief rdfs:subClassOf [
103    a owl:Restriction ;
104    owl:onProperty bdi:refersTo ;
105    owl:someValuesFrom bdi:WorldState
106] .
107 
108bdi:Belief rdfs:subClassOf [
109    a owl:Restriction ;
110    owl:onProperty bdi:hasValidity ;
111    owl:maxCardinality 1
112] .
113```
114 
115### Desire Restrictions
116 
117```turtle
118bdi:Desire rdfs:subClassOf [
119    a owl:Restriction ;
120    owl:onProperty bdi:isMotivatedBy ;
121    owl:someValuesFrom bdi:Belief
122] .
123```
124 
125### Intention Restrictions
126 
127```turtle
128bdi:Intention rdfs:subClassOf [
129    a owl:Restriction ;
130    owl:onProperty bdi:fulfils ;
131    owl:cardinality 1
132] .
133 
134bdi:Intention rdfs:subClassOf [
135    a owl:Restriction ;
136    owl:onProperty bdi:isSupportedBy ;
137    owl:someValuesFrom bdi:Belief
138] .
139```
140 
141### Mental Process Restrictions
142 
143```turtle
144bdi:BeliefProcess rdfs:subClassOf [
145    a owl:Restriction ;
146    owl:onProperty bdi:generates ;
147    owl:allValuesFrom bdi:Belief
148] .
149 
150bdi:DesireProcess rdfs:subClassOf [
151    a owl:Restriction ;
152    owl:onProperty bdi:generates ;
153    owl:allValuesFrom bdi:Desire
154] .
155 
156bdi:IntentionProcess rdfs:subClassOf [
157    a owl:Restriction ;
158    owl:onProperty bdi:generates ;
159    owl:allValuesFrom bdi:Intention
160] .
161```
162 
163## DOLCE Alignment
164 
165The BDI ontology aligns with DOLCE Ultra Lite (DUL) foundational ontology:
166 
167| BDI Class | DUL Superclass | Rationale |
168|-----------|----------------|-----------|
169| `Agent` | `dul:Agent` | Intentional entity capable of action |
170| `Belief` | `dul:InformationObject` | Information-bearing entity |
171| `Desire` | `dul:Description` | Describes desired state |
172| `Intention` | `dul:Description` | Describes committed course |
173| `Goal` | `dul:Goal` | Desired end state description |
174| `Plan` | `dul:Plan` | Organized action sequence |
175| `WorldState` | `dul:Situation` | Configuration of entities |
176| `MentalProcess` | `dul:Event` | Temporally extended occurrence |
177| `Task` | `dul:Task` | Unit of planned work |
178| `Action` | `dul:Action` | Performed task instance |
179 
180## Reused Ontology Design Patterns
181 
182### EventCore Pattern
183Used for mental processes with temporal aspects and participant roles.
184 
185### Situation Pattern  
186Used for world state configurations that mental states reference.
187 
188### TimeIndexedSituation Pattern
189Used for associating mental states with validity intervals.
190 
191### BasicPlan Pattern
192Used for goal-plan-task structures linking intentions to actions.
193 
194### Provenance Pattern
195Used for justification tracking and evidential chains.
196 
197## Namespace Declarations
198 
199```turtle
200@prefix bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/> .
201@prefix dul: <http://www.ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont/dul/DUL.owl#> .
202@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
203@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
204@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
205@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .
206```
207 
208