1# SPARQL Competency Queries
2 
3Validation queries for BDI ontology implementations based on competency questions.
4 
5## Mental Entity Queries
6 
7### CQ1: What are all mental entities?
8 
9```sparql
10PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
11PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
12PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
13 
14SELECT DISTINCT ?entity ?type WHERE {
15    ?entity rdf:type ?type .
16    ?type rdfs:subClassOf* bdi:MentalEntity .
17}
18```
19 
20### CQ2: What beliefs does an agent hold?
21 
22```sparql
23PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
24 
25SELECT ?belief ?label WHERE {
26    ?agent bdi:hasMentalState ?belief .
27    ?belief a bdi:Belief .
28    OPTIONAL { ?belief rdfs:label ?label }
29}
30```
31 
32### CQ3: What desires does an agent have?
33 
34```sparql
35PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
36 
37SELECT ?desire ?label WHERE {
38    ?agent bdi:hasDesire ?desire .
39    ?desire a bdi:Desire .
40    OPTIONAL { ?desire rdfs:label ?label }
41}
42```
43 
44### CQ4: What intentions has an agent committed to?
45 
46```sparql
47PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
48 
49SELECT ?intention ?label WHERE {
50    ?agent bdi:hasIntention ?intention .
51    ?intention a bdi:Intention .
52    OPTIONAL { ?intention rdfs:label ?label }
53}
54```
55 
56## Motivational Chain Queries
57 
58### CQ5: What beliefs motivated formation of a given desire?
59 
60```sparql
61PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
62 
63SELECT ?belief ?beliefLabel WHERE {
64    ?desire bdi:isMotivatedBy ?belief .
65    ?belief a bdi:Belief .
66    OPTIONAL { ?belief rdfs:label ?beliefLabel }
67}
68```
69 
70### CQ6: Which desire does a particular intention fulfill?
71 
72```sparql
73PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
74 
75SELECT ?desire ?desireLabel WHERE {
76    ?intention bdi:fulfils ?desire .
77    ?desire a bdi:Desire .
78    OPTIONAL { ?desire rdfs:label ?desireLabel }
79}
80```
81 
82### CQ7: What beliefs support a given intention?
83 
84```sparql
85PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
86 
87SELECT ?belief ?label WHERE {
88    ?intention bdi:isSupportedBy ?belief .
89    ?belief a bdi:Belief .
90    OPTIONAL { ?belief rdfs:label ?label }
91}
92```
93 
94### CQ8: Trace complete cognitive chain for an intention
95 
96```sparql
97PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
98 
99SELECT ?intention ?desire ?belief ?worldState WHERE {
100    ?intention a bdi:Intention ;
101               bdi:fulfils ?desire ;
102               bdi:isSupportedBy ?belief .
103    ?desire bdi:isMotivatedBy ?belief .
104    ?belief bdi:refersTo ?worldState .
105}
106```
107 
108## Mental Process Queries
109 
110### CQ9: Which mental process generated a belief?
111 
112```sparql
113PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
114 
115SELECT ?process ?processType WHERE {
116    ?process bdi:generates ?belief .
117    ?belief a bdi:Belief .
118    ?process a ?processType .
119    FILTER(?processType != owl:NamedIndividual)
120}
121```
122 
123### CQ10: What triggered a mental process?
124 
125```sparql
126PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
127 
128SELECT ?process ?trigger ?triggerType WHERE {
129    ?process a bdi:MentalProcess ;
130             bdi:isTriggeredBy ?trigger .
131    ?trigger a ?triggerType .
132}
133```
134 
135### CQ11: What did a mental process reason upon?
136 
137```sparql
138PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
139 
140SELECT ?process ?input WHERE {
141    ?process a bdi:MentalProcess ;
142             bdi:reasonsUpon ?input .
143}
144```
145 
146## Plan and Goal Queries
147 
148### CQ12: What plan does an intention specify?
149 
150```sparql
151PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
152 
153SELECT ?intention ?plan ?goal WHERE {
154    ?intention bdi:specifies ?plan .
155    ?plan a bdi:Plan ;
156          bdi:addresses ?goal .
157}
158```
159 
160### CQ13: What is the ordered sequence of tasks in a plan?
161 
162```sparql
163PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
164 
165SELECT ?plan ?task ?nextTask WHERE {
166    ?plan a bdi:Plan ;
167          bdi:hasComponent ?task .
168    OPTIONAL { ?task bdi:precedes ?nextTask }
169}
170ORDER BY ?task
171```
172 
173### CQ14: What is the first and last task of a plan?
174 
175```sparql
176PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
177 
178SELECT ?plan ?firstTask ?lastTask WHERE {
179    ?plan a bdi:Plan ;
180          bdi:beginsWith ?firstTask ;
181          bdi:endsWith ?lastTask .
182}
183```
184 
185### CQ15: Which actions executed which tasks?
186 
187```sparql
188PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
189 
190SELECT ?action ?task ?time WHERE {
191    ?action bdi:isExecutionOf ?task ;
192            bdi:atTime ?time .
193}
194ORDER BY ?time
195```
196 
197## Temporal Queries
198 
199### CQ16: What mental states are valid at a specific time?
200 
201```sparql
202PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
203PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
204 
205SELECT ?mentalState ?type WHERE {
206    ?mentalState bdi:hasValidity ?interval .
207    ?interval bdi:hasStartTime ?start ;
208              bdi:hasEndTime ?end .
209    ?mentalState a ?type .
210    FILTER(?start <= "2026-01-04T10:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime && 
211           ?end >= "2026-01-04T10:00:00"^^xsd:dateTime)
212}
213```
214 
215### CQ17: When was a belief formed?
216 
217```sparql
218PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
219 
220SELECT ?belief ?formationTime WHERE {
221    ?process bdi:generates ?belief ;
222             bdi:atTime ?formationTime .
223    ?belief a bdi:Belief .
224}
225```
226 
227### CQ18: What is the temporal validity of an intention?
228 
229```sparql
230PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
231 
232SELECT ?intention ?start ?end WHERE {
233    ?intention a bdi:Intention ;
234               bdi:hasValidity ?interval .
235    ?interval bdi:hasStartTime ?start ;
236              bdi:hasEndTime ?end .
237}
238```
239 
240## Justification Queries
241 
242### CQ19: What justifies a belief?
243 
244```sparql
245PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
246 
247SELECT ?belief ?justification ?justLabel WHERE {
248    ?belief a bdi:Belief ;
249            bdi:isJustifiedBy ?justification .
250    OPTIONAL { ?justification rdfs:label ?justLabel }
251}
252```
253 
254### CQ20: What justifies an intention?
255 
256```sparql
257PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
258 
259SELECT ?intention ?justification ?justLabel WHERE {
260    ?intention a bdi:Intention ;
261               bdi:isJustifiedBy ?justification .
262    OPTIONAL { ?justification rdfs:label ?justLabel }
263}
264```
265 
266## Compositional Queries
267 
268### CQ21: What parts comprise a complex belief?
269 
270```sparql
271PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
272 
273SELECT ?belief ?part ?partLabel WHERE {
274    ?belief a bdi:Belief ;
275            bdi:hasPart ?part .
276    OPTIONAL { ?part rdfs:label ?partLabel }
277}
278```
279 
280### CQ22: Find composite mental entities
281 
282```sparql
283PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
284 
285SELECT ?composite (COUNT(?part) AS ?partCount) WHERE {
286    ?composite bdi:hasPart ?part .
287}
288GROUP BY ?composite
289HAVING (COUNT(?part) > 1)
290```
291 
292## World State Queries
293 
294### CQ23: What world state does a belief refer to?
295 
296```sparql
297PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
298 
299SELECT ?belief ?worldState ?wsComment WHERE {
300    ?belief a bdi:Belief ;
301            bdi:refersTo ?worldState .
302    OPTIONAL { ?worldState rdfs:comment ?wsComment }
303}
304```
305 
306### CQ24: What actions brought about a world state?
307 
308```sparql
309PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
310 
311SELECT ?action ?worldState WHERE {
312    ?action bdi:bringsAbout ?worldState .
313    ?worldState a bdi:WorldState .
314}
315```
316 
317### CQ25: What world states has an agent perceived?
318 
319```sparql
320PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
321 
322SELECT ?agent ?worldState ?time WHERE {
323    ?agent bdi:perceives ?worldState .
324    OPTIONAL { ?worldState bdi:atTime ?time }
325}
326```
327 
328## Validation Queries (OWLUnit Style)
329 
330### V1: Every intention must fulfill exactly one desire
331 
332```sparql
333PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
334 
335SELECT ?intention WHERE {
336    ?intention a bdi:Intention .
337    FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?intention bdi:fulfils ?desire }
338}
339# Expected: Empty result set
340```
341 
342### V2: Every belief must reference a world state
343 
344```sparql
345PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
346 
347SELECT ?belief WHERE {
348    ?belief a bdi:Belief .
349    FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?belief bdi:refersTo ?worldState }
350}
351# Expected: Empty result set (or only abstract beliefs)
352```
353 
354### V3: Mental processes must reason upon something
355 
356```sparql
357PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
358 
359SELECT ?process WHERE {
360    ?process a bdi:MentalProcess .
361    FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?process bdi:reasonsUpon ?input }
362}
363# Expected: Empty result set
364```
365 
366### V4: BeliefProcess must generate only Beliefs
367 
368```sparql
369PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
370 
371SELECT ?process ?generated WHERE {
372    ?process a bdi:BeliefProcess ;
373             bdi:generates ?generated .
374    FILTER NOT EXISTS { ?generated a bdi:Belief }
375}
376# Expected: Empty result set
377```
378 
379### V5: Plans must have begin and end tasks
380 
381```sparql
382PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
383 
384SELECT ?plan WHERE {
385    ?plan a bdi:Plan .
386    FILTER NOT EXISTS { 
387        ?plan bdi:beginsWith ?first ;
388              bdi:endsWith ?last 
389    }
390}
391# Expected: Empty result set
392```
393 
394## Multi-Agent Queries
395 
396### CQ26: What beliefs are shared across agents?
397 
398```sparql
399PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
400 
401SELECT ?belief (COUNT(DISTINCT ?agent) AS ?agentCount) WHERE {
402    ?agent bdi:hasMentalState ?belief .
403    ?belief a bdi:Belief .
404}
405GROUP BY ?belief
406HAVING (COUNT(DISTINCT ?agent) > 1)
407```
408 
409### CQ27: Which agents share the same desire?
410 
411```sparql
412PREFIX bdi: <https://w3id.org/fossr/ontology/bdi/>
413 
414SELECT ?desire ?agent1 ?agent2 WHERE {
415    ?agent1 bdi:hasDesire ?desire .
416    ?agent2 bdi:hasDesire ?desire .
417    FILTER(?agent1 != ?agent2)
418}
419```
420 
421