Dataset Formats

SFT Format (Supervised Fine-Tuning)

Standard chat-completion JSONL. Each line: JSON object with messages array.

{"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."}, {"role": "user", "content": "What is 2+2?"}, {"role": "assistant", "content": "4"}]}

Rules:

• Each line must be valid JSON
• messages must contain at least one user and one assistant message
• system message is optional but recommended
• Multi-turn supported: alternate user/assistant
• Last message must be assistant (that's what the model learns)

Validation checklist: .jsonl extension, valid JSON per line, every example has messages, every message has role and content, no empty content.

DPO Format (Direct Preference Optimization)

Three top-level fields: input, preferred_output, non_preferred_output.

{"input": {"messages": [{"role": "system", "content": "You are a helpful assistant."}, {"role": "user", "content": "Explain gravity."}]}, "preferred_output": [{"role": "assistant", "content": "Gravity is a fundamental force that attracts objects with mass toward each other."}], "non_preferred_output": [{"role": "assistant", "content": "Gravity is when stuff falls down."}]}

Rules:

• input: Object with messages array (system + user turns). May include tools and parallel_tool_calls.
• preferred_output / non_preferred_output: Array of messages (assistant or tool role only)
• Both must contain at least one assistant message
• Exactly two completions compared per example

DPO REST API example:

{
  "model": "gpt-4.1-mini-2025-04-14",
  "training_file": "file-abc123",
  "method": {
    "type": "dpo",
    "dpo": { "beta": 0.1, "l2_multiplier": 0.1 }
  }
}

RFT Format (Reinforcement Fine-Tuning)

Chat-completion format with key differences from SFT:

{"messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "Write a Python function to reverse a string."}], "reference_code": "def reverse_string(s):\n    return s[::-1]", "expected_output": "olleh"}

Rules:

• Last message MUST be user role (model generates its own response)
• Extra fields alongside messages are accessible to grader via item.*
• Both training and validation datasets are required
• ⚠️ Do NOT put assistant as last message — unlike SFT, RFT generates its own outputs

API version: Python graders require api-version=2025-04-01-preview or later.

Grader types: string_check (exact match), text_similarity (fuzzy/BLEU/ROUGE), python (custom function), score_model (LLM judge), multi (weighted combination).

Python grader template:

def grade(sample, item):
    """
    sample: dict with 'output_text' (model's generation)
    item: dict with extra fields from JSONL
    Returns: float 0.0–1.0
    """
    output = sample.get("output_text", "")
    reference = item.get("reference_code", "")
    return score

Python grader constraints: 256KB code max, no network, 2GB memory, 1GB disk, 2min timeout.

Grader field access:

• sample.output_text → model's generation
• sample.output_json → structured output (if using response_format)
• item.* → extra JSONL fields
• Template variables: {{item.field_name}} — no spaces inside braces, no array indexing

Converting Between Formats

• SFT → RFT: Strip assistant messages (RFT last message must be user), add grader reference fields. Use scripts/convert_dataset.py --format rft.
• SFT → DPO: Generate rejected responses (run base model on same prompts, intentionally degrade good outputs, or use human ranking).
• DPO → SFT: Extract chosen responses from the preferred output.